Internet threat news

Two separate warnings have been published warning that certain encryption protocols are obsolete and may place organizations at risk. Both the US National Security Agency (NSA) and the Dutch National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) have warned that TLS 1.1 and, to some extent, TLS 1.2 may leave organizations open to attack. It is recommended that TLS 1.3 be used. While the NCSC believes TLS 1.2 can still be secure it is not as future-proofed against potential attacks as TLS 1.3. Both the Transport Layer Security (TLS) and the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocols were developed to create secure levels of communication between client and server. The protocols are deemed secure as they rely upon cryptographic encryption and authentication to help ensure that communication between the client and server remain private. However, over the years several weaknesses have been discovered and improvements made. Sadly, the adoption of improved TLS protocols has not been universally adopted and successful attacks have been seen.

Researchers at CheckPoint have discovered a new botnet, called FreakOut, that exploits not one but three known software vulnerabilities to infect Linux systems. With TrickBot managing to create enough of a problem that big tech and law enforcement have moved to shut it down, with varying levels of success, a new contender may rise to fill a void. It is early days for FreakOut, and while the malware looks to spread to new devices and drop cryptomining malware if users don’t patch the impacted products more dangerous malware maybe soon to follow.

Researchers discovered an active campaign on January 8, 2021, when they noticed the malicious script being downloaded from hxxp://gxbrowser[.]net. Since then, the researchers observed hundreds of attempts to download the code. The purpose of the attack is to infect machines with vulnerable versions of the popular TerraMaster operating system, the Zend Framework (Laminas Project), or Liferay Portal. While later versions of the malware are being used to drop an XMRig miner, due to the level of control granted to the attackers' other malware strains can be dropped just as easily. As to the vulnerabilities exploited by the attackers, they all have large user bases, have been patched, and have proof-of-concept exploit code easily available online.

The InfoSec community sees time and time again that a successful scam does not need cutting edge malware to succeed. Relatively lo-fi scams with regards to technology still are a massive problem for anyone using the Internet or an Internet-connected device. Sextortion scams are a case in point. Group-IB has been tracking another relatively lo-fi scam since the summer of 2019, that originated in Russia and is now spreading to Europe. The scam has been called classiscam and involves luring potential victims to websites that closely resemble classified selling a variety of goods.

When compared to the recent SolarWinds, classiscam looks almost medieval, but readers should note that the scam has already netted scammers 6.5 million USD in 2020 alone. However, the scam does make use of technology to automate the scam so it can be offered as a service to other less morally inclined individuals.

In a recently published report by ESET, titled “Operation Spalax: Targeted malware attacks in Colombia” the details of a campaign targeting Columbian energy and metal firms were analyzed. The campaign began in 2020 and appears to still be ongoing. In summary, the attackers make use of relatively easy to obtain remote access trojans (RATs) to spy on victims. Given that RATs are best suited to spying on targets this would be the likely modus operandi of the attackers; however, they can be further weaponized or used to first compromise a machine and then drop more damaging malware onto the already compromised machine.

In the wild RATs are typically masqueraded as legitimate programs that are either mistakenly downloaded or installed from an attachment by the victim. Once installed they grant the attacker administrative control over the device, effectively granting control of the device over to the attacker to do with what they please. As they are either legitimate-looking or are bundled with legitimate files, they often evade detection. Over the years RATs have evolved not just to grant the attacker access to the computer but have added keylogging and information stealing capabilities. Some have been seen to be able to steal banking information and related credentials, exfiltrate the data to a server under the attacker’s control, and then be used to commit bank fraud.

The first week of 2021 is almost up and it has already seen its fair share of news. In the InfoSec community, we have already seen the fallout of the SolarWinds hack and credit card details being leaked online for free. 2020’s most prevalent and destructive threat, ransomware, surely would not the new year begin without some development. True to form, a new variant emerged looking to target enterprises so as to demand higher ransoms emerged.

Called Babuk Locker the ransomware can be summarized as learning the lessons from the other human-operated ransomware strains like Conti, Sodinokibi, and Ryuk but with less professionalism and polish. That being said the ransomware strain has already notched up several victims and must still be seen as dangerous. Base on research conducted by Bleeping Computer and security researcher Chuong Dong operations involving the spread of the ransomware began in 2021 and the ransomware operators are demanding anywhere between 60,000 USD and 85,000 USD in Bitcoin to decrypt data. The operators are also using the ransomware in a highly targeted manner typical of modern human-operated ransomware variants. Each executable that has been analyzed by researchers showed that the executable itself was customized for each victim and included a hardcoded extension, ransom note, and a Tor victim URL further customized to the specific victim.

Initially when we covered the SolarWinds supply chain hack in mid-December fingers were already pointing at Russian nation-state threat actors as being the likely responsible party. Given the scale and sophistication of the attack, there would only be a few well-resourced groups across the globe that had the patience and skill to conduct such a cyberespionage attack. Given Russia’s recent past it was likely that expert opinion would likely look to Russia for an explanation likely to never come. Now, the US government has officially blamed Russia for what is quickly becoming one of the most severe hacks seen, with experts rather dramatically comparing it to Pearl Harbour.

Comparisons to historical events where the loss of life and further war do seem to be misplaced; however, the severity of the hack is slowly coming to light. In a joint statement issued by the FBI, CISA, ODNI, and the NSA the government agencies stated,

It is foreseeable that the SolarWinds hack will dominate headlines sometime. As more information emerges, headlines will follow. One trap that the public should not fall into is to assume other hackers take a break while the limelight is not on them. Ransomware gangs are a case in point, they will still operate even though they are not in the headlines, at least briefly. The gang behind Nefilim has managed to steal a headline or two by adding another large organization to their victim list. The victim this time is home appliance giant Whirlpool.

The manufacturer is one of the world's largest home application makers with appliances under its name and KitchenAid, Maytag, Brastemp, Consul, Hotpoint, Indesit, and Bauknecht. Whirlpool employs 77,000 people at 59 manufacturing and technology research centers worldwide and generated approximately 20 billion USD in revenue for 2019. Over the weekend the gang published data that had supposedly been stolen for Whirlpool on the gang's “leak site”.

In recent memory, a collaboration between Windows and several other security firms attempted to take out TrickBots infrastructure. Cooler heads warned that this was not the end of TrickBot, and those behind would be back. This was proved to be true but the attempt to take down TrickBot’s infrastructure did achieve one important goal, to prevent the botnet known for distributing ransomware from having any discernible impact on the recent US elections. TrickBot’s return mirrors recent attempts by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation and Interpol taking down Joker’s Stash servers.

Joker’s Stash has developed a reputation over the years for being the biggest marketplace for buying and selling stolen cards. According to ZDNet both the FBI and Interpol sent out a joint email stating that a small number of Joker’s Stash servers were seized disrupting the illegal platforms business operations at least temporarily. The operation was still described as ongoing and more servers have been targeted for seizure. Seizure banners appeared on four Joker's Stash sites, at jstash.bazar, jstash.lib, jstash.emc, and jstash.coin.

The recent SolarWinds supply chain attack has dominated InfoSec headlines. The sheer scale of the attack warrants the coverage with even major media outlets dedicating time and space to cover the story. While the publics' attention is diverted elsewhere, hackers don’t seem to take too many breaks. Even before the SolarWinds incident, several ransomware gangs were morphing tactics once more. Now gangs like DoppelPaymer, Conti, Ryuk are cold calling victims who managed to restore systems from backups. This is done to harass and place extra pressure on victims to pay the ransom.   

According to an article published by ZDNet dating back to December 5, 2020, security researchers saw this trend emerging as far back as August of this year. The cold calling of victims is believed to be done by an outsourced call center, possibly working for the gangs mentioned above and believed to work for the now-defunct Maze and Sekhmet ransomware gangs.

This week’s cybersecurity news has been dominated by one event, the SolarWinds supply chain attack. On Sunday, the Washington Post published an article detailing who is possibly behind the attack. The sentiment was echoed in a New York Times article published on the same day. While the finger-pointing has begun in earnest and will be covered in more detail below, how the attack was carried out will be of interest to many in the InfoSec community.

Details of the attack are still emerging, and will likely still emerge for some time, but a summary of the attack is needed before a dive into the how is done. On Monday, December 14, 2020, the US government ordered several emergency measures to be taken to recover from potentially the most sophisticated cyber incident to occur in years. The attack made use of using compromised software updates to gain access to potentially thousands of private and public enterprises. Based on initial reports and admissions, the attack was enabled when hackers managed to insert malicious code into software updates for SolarWinds’ Orion product. Orion is used by some 275,000 customers worldwide, including Fortune 500 companies and US government agencies. The compromised updates were released in March and June of this year meaning some victims may have been compromised for nine months.

Recently, this publication reported on how APT28, the infamous Russian nation-state threat actor, changed tactics to target the Norwegian parliament and recent US elections. Rather than the favored method of using spear phishing to initially compromise victims and steal credentials, the group employed brute-force attacks to gain access to victims’ infrastructure. New research by security firm Intezer shows that the group has not completely abandoned its spear-phishing tactics. Why would they? It is still an incredibly effective method of credential-stealing when done right or dropping malware onto targeted machines.

In November, Intezer researchers discovered an APT28 campaign utilizing phishing lures designed to spread the Zebrocy malware. Several characteristics set this campaign apart from others seen in the past. Firstly, the malware was written in Go, or Golang, and not the more traditional version written in Delphi. Secondly, the malware was delivered via Virtual Hard Disk (VHD) files. Windows 10 allows users to run VHD files natively now and maybe partly behind the decision to weaponize the file format to spread Zebrocy. VHD files are popularly used to run multiple operating systems on a single machine, allowing developers to test applications on multiple platforms without having to partition hard drives which can be a hassle.

According to the Norwegian police secret service (PST), APT28 is also known as Fancy Bear was behind a recent cyberattack on the Norwegian Parliament. The attack happened in August 2020 with hackers gaining access to the Parliament's email system and accessed inboxes for Stortinget (Parliament) employees and government elected officials.

At the time of the initial announcement of the attack in September by government officials, no details of the hack were released to the public. In a follow-up announcement in October, Norwegian Foreign Minister Ine Eriksen Søreide stated that from initial investigations several clues suggested that the attack was carried out by Russian hackers.

The botnet called TrickBot and its operators has been a pain in the side of cybersecurity experts for years now. In October, Microsoft announced that the tech giant had partnered with several security firms and internet service providers that it had attempted to cripple TrickBot’s infrastructure. It was hoped that their actions would takedown the botnet often used to spread ransomware. These were high hopes, and the InfoSec community knew that TrickBot would return. Microsoft’s actions were not in vain, as one of the main aims of the partnership was to prevent TrickBot from having an impact on the recent US National Elections. In this, the mission succeeded, but more than a few probably hoped that TrickBot remained hobbled for longer.

Those behind TrickBot were not inclined to admit defeat after their infrastructure had been crippled, the opposite is probably true and several new features have been added recently that make TrickBot a more fearsome opponent than before. Towards the end of November 2020, Bitdefender discovered that the malware had been updated to include improved communications, a new command-and-control infrastructure, and several newly packaged modules.

It is not an underestimation by any means to say that ransomware dominates the InfoSec news feed. This has been the case for several years but 2020 is surely breaking all the past records. With ransomware dominating the headlines a few other malware trends for the year have crept by almost unnoticed. One of those trends is the increase in popularity of Docker malware. Docker has become a popular framework for web and app developers, since 2017 there has been an emergence of malware targeting Docker users you don’t properly secure their applications.

Initially, the malware discovered looked to infect developers who had misconfigured admin interfaces. This was done to drop cryptocurrency miners, like CoinMiner, and attackers simply trawled for vulnerable systems. Since the early days of Docker malware, threats have evolved significantly since then and new malware strains are being discovered on a regular basis. Despite the rise in this kind of malware developers are still not applying basic cybersecurity principles to projects. The most common mistake made by developers is leaving Docker remote administration API endpoints exposed online without authentication. Hackers will then look to install cryptocurrency miners or backdoor trojans via malicious operating system images (OS Images).